@article {4284,
	title = {Integration Character of the CETA Agreement},
	journal = {Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {111-125},
	abstract = {<p>One of\&nbsp;the manifestations of\&nbsp;economic globalisation seen in\&nbsp;recent years is\&nbsp;the so-called {\textquotedblleft}new generation{\textquotedblright} type of\&nbsp;trade agreements such as\&nbsp;the TPP, CETA and TTIP. They aim at\&nbsp;trade liberali- sation, but their scope is\&nbsp;broader, comprising other areas of\&nbsp;socio-economic life, more or\&nbsp;less directly linked to\&nbsp;trade, such as\&nbsp;e.g.: the liberalisation of\&nbsp;public services, the mutual recognition of\&nbsp;professional qualifications, the deregulation and liberalisation of\&nbsp;financial markets, the protection of\&nbsp;intellectual property rights, and the cooperation in\&nbsp;creating new rules or\&nbsp;protecting mutual investments. There- fore, the aim of\&nbsp;this paper is\&nbsp;to\&nbsp;analyse the scope and content of\&nbsp;the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) signed in\&nbsp;2016 by\&nbsp;the European Union and Canada from the point of\&nbsp;view of\&nbsp;the Balassa stages of\&nbsp;economic integration and the EU{\textquoteright}s experience in\&nbsp;order to\&nbsp;state whether the naming of\&nbsp;such agreements as\&nbsp;trade agreements, even with the {\textquotedblleft}new generation{\textquotedblright} qualification, is\&nbsp;re- ally justified. The analysis presented in\&nbsp;this paper leads to\&nbsp;the conclusion that this agreement should rather be\&nbsp;included in\&nbsp;the category of\&nbsp;agreements labelled as\&nbsp;integration agreements. Most of\&nbsp;the CETA provisions are at\&nbsp;the same level of\&nbsp;sophistication as\&nbsp;was achieved by\&nbsp;the EU countries at\&nbsp;the stage of\&nbsp;building the single market, that is, at\&nbsp;the stage of\&nbsp;the implementation of\&nbsp;the common mar- ket in\&nbsp;Balassa{\textquoteright}s nomenclature, and some of\&nbsp;them are at\&nbsp;the stage of\&nbsp;economic and monetary union. The scope of\&nbsp;the CETA, i.e. the number of\&nbsp;areas of\&nbsp;social and economic life regulated by\&nbsp;it\&nbsp;as\&nbsp;well as\&nbsp;their advancement and complexity, goes far beyond what is\&nbsp;commonly understood as\&nbsp;a\&nbsp;trade agreement and beyond its official purpose\&nbsp;{\textendash} the creation of\&nbsp;a\&nbsp;free trade area between the European Union and Canada. It\&nbsp;leads to\&nbsp;economic integration at\&nbsp;a\&nbsp;level far deeper than a\&nbsp;free trade area in\&nbsp;its classic and common sense.</p>},
	keywords = {common market, economic integration, economic union, European integration, free trade area, regional integration, regional trade agreements, stages of economic integration, trade agreements, trade liberalisation},
	author = {Magdalena {\'S}liwi{\'n}ska}
}
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